The field of website design and development has grown out to become a really competitive virtual arena. It is no longer sufficient just to have static slump of online web application, but to ensure survival in the web world, the website has to be laced with a number of functionalities and have irresistible design. The coding has to be apt and precise to ensure there is no glitch and the web pages are easily loaded on the browser. Besides, there has to be viable scope for further additions and improvements in the web design, so that more up to date features can be added in the web design.

One of the best tools available with website designers and developers to provide high end solutions to high ended website development needs are CSS frameworks. Along with reducing the coding structures and coding time, CSS frameworks offers the developers convenient website development.

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What exactly does the CSS Framework stands for?

One of the very basic reasons behind the flourishing websites is the existence of active PSD to CSS conversion services. CSS is an acronym for Cascading Style Sheet Language which enables you to present your website in such a attractive way. CSS takes human psychology and presentation semantics into consideration, and aims at carefully organizing the data, so that, there is no drop in the user’s attention span while visiting through your website.

CSS gives web developers an immense flexibility in coding by separating the markup content i.e. PSD to HTML or XHTML conversions and the presentation content, which describes the page layout, presentation, fonts and styling and etc. Another handy attribute of CSS is that of CSS Frameworks. CSS Frameworks are the previously prepared elements and exists in the libraries. These are called with .css extension and allows the developers to recall a particular code. Thus they don’t have to write the entire code again and again and hence a lot of time is conserved. By taking the repetitiveness out of the coding, it gives ample scope for the developers to concentrate on the strategic area, and produce more visually astounding web applications. Besides, the reduced coding is directly shows direct implications on the loading time of the website and makes the website to quickly be loaded on the web browsers.

Using a CSS framework is a smart choice, instead of having to begin from the very scratch each time you go for website development. You can make a default style sheet and markup template for yourself and use it each time you have to begin the task of website development. The basics will be covered in the Framework and you can concentrate your efforts and skills on the detailing and uniqueness of the website.

The eleven most popular CSS frameworks

1. Blueprint

A Norwegian tech student names Olav Frihagen Bjørkøy was the reason behind the development of one of the strongest CSS Framework – Blueprint. Blueprint offers a sturdy platform to use Cascading style sheet language and develop typographic grids. This CSS framework was designed with the aim of enable you to considerably reduce the time required for CSS development. Blueprint gives you a very user friendly grid generator by which you can build frames based on the choice of the width size. Besides, it also provides you with customized style sheets to let you integrate the buttons and typography, forms having complete professional design, and style sheet which comes handy for printing purposes. Lastly, one of the most important advantage is that it can execute mass reset of the default styles of your browser.

2. Yahoo! UI Library CSS Foundation

The Yahoo UI library is powered by JavaScript and CSS, and is a compilation of utilities and controls which empowers you to develop highly responsive and interactive web applications, by providing high end techniques like DOM scripting, AJAX and DHTML. The Yahoo UI Library is available free of cost and is available under a BSD license.

The Yahoo UI was carefully prepared by the front end engineers of Yahoo Inc along with the contributors across the Globe. It also has a proven record of adding scalability and quickness to your web application along with providing robust foundations. If you are comfortable with JavaScript, this is perhaps the best and the most powerful solution for you.

3. The Yet Another Multicolumn Layout – YAML

The Yet Another Multicolumn Layout is a result of extreme diligence of Mr. Dirk Jesse, the developer of YAML, who designed it with precise understanding of web standards to make it compatible with the various prevalent web browsers being used today. And also, YAML provides you with a debugging style sheet and a print style sheet. Another advantageous feature of YAML is that, it offers detailed documentation and provides examples in two languages – English and German. Also it enables you to develop CSS layouts right within your web browsers, by providing an effective editor known as YAML Builder, which works on a “What you See Is What You Get (WSYIWYG)” basis and subsequently integrate various creatively designed elements into your framework.

4. 960GS

The 960 Grid System came into existence with a sole aim to smoothen the work flow related to developing a website by providing a common platform of 960 pixels layout width. The 960 Grid System provides you with two different package options of 12 and 16 columns which can be used along with each other or separately. It gives you sturdy background support by putting together several useful templates and graphics, also providing you with an overlay tool.

5. Fluid 960GS

The highly advantageous Fluid 960 Grid System has been the result of the combination of the hard work of Nathan Smith and his original creation, 960 Grid System.

6. Elastic CSS

This CSS framework is actually an elastic in the CSS frameworks scenario. Just like an elastic, it can be stretched and give sturdy support to an extensive range of layouts, which involves – fixed, fluid and elastic layout. Need not compromise on the kind of layout you want for your web application, just run through various permutations and combinations across the elastic CSS framework until you get the layout of your choice. The only thorn in the rosy attributes of Elastic CSS Framework is that it requires the use of JavaScript. JavaScript provides you with high quality and aesthetic designs, but could be a cumbersome task for those who are not well versed with JavaScript.

7. The jQuery UI CSS Framework

This CSS Framework was designed specifically for developing customized widgets based on jQuery. The classes covered in this CSS Framework envelopes a very wide range of all the user interfaces which are required. If you employ the jQuiery UI CSS Framework, you will be able to easily integrate the plugins along with your website code and will be able to utilize the shared conventional markup codes. If you use jQuery, you get the power to create buttons and also choose many buttons at a single given time.

8. SenCSs

The expansion of SenCSs would reveal – Sensible Standards CSS, which is exactly what this CSS Framework do. It lets you sensibly style all the rhythmic (read: repetitive) part of the CSS and hence saves a lot of time to concentrate on other important issues related to website development.

9. Typogridphy

This CSS framework is based on the 960 Grid System and enables you to create highly dynamic and varied grid layouts. Typogridphy is a Typographical and Grid Layout CSS Framework which gives website designers and developers the ultimate scope to swiftly code highly functional and aesthetic looking grid layouts.

10. Tripoli

Tripoli cannot be classified as a CSS framework but rather is a CSS standard for depicting the HTML elements. Tripoli provides a sturdy rendering engine and a concrete foundation for developing animated layouts without making any changes with the typography of coding. It is a very mellow CSS standard which resets the default browsers and works on then silently.

11. BlueTrip CSS Framework

This CSS framework does complete justice to its name and provides you the best possible amalgamation of the three frameworks – 960GS, Blueprint and Tripoli.

Why to opt for CSS Frameworks?

In the present generation, it is not sufficient to just work hard but it is a prerequisite for success that the person should work smart and not just hard. The CSS Frameworks lets you achieve just that. It is a smart way of developing websites. Instead of starting from the scratch, it protects the developers from all the anxiety and frustration by providing robust foundations for developing websites.

In addition to that, the website development process is quite tedious and takes a lot of time, and a person may make certain mistakes in the repetitive codes. CSS frameworks keep a check on that. In case all of your projects has a default CSS code, you will not be required to go through the source code of each and every page of the website. A detailed CSS framework ensures fruitful work flow of the processes and saves a lot of time, avoiding any scope for misunderstandings or miscommunication between the team of developers.

As you must have read above, most of the CSS frameworks are already cross browser compatible, thus you need not worry about the cross browser compatibility of your website.
In the end there is hardly any persuasion left to suggest the use of CSS frameworks. It saves a lot of your valued time, supplements the website with highly profitable features and functionalities and allows the developers enough scope and flexibility to come out with the best of designs.

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Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a language which is used primarily in text formatting. But nowadays, CSS is not only used in presentation semantics but in positioning contents as well. Positioning content in a webpage using CSS however, is a very difficult and time-consuming task especially for new developers. While it can be done relatively easy with HTML tables, doing so in CSS is worth all the trouble. Unlike the former, CSS is highly flexible with the support for almost any browser.

Starting from nothing for your web design project, is somewhat illogical especially if you have deadlines to beat. Positioning in CSS can be a very obvious challenge here, that will take you long hours of tweaking only to bring you where you have started. Unless you are doing it for educational purposes, you are better off using bare layouts as a starting point. Nothing more, nothing less. Blank layout really makes sense because it only defines the placement of content and gives you full flexibility in turning it into a beautiful and functional website. Needless to say, it saves you a lot of time. The same is true when using CSS Grid layouts and I can assure you that this model also very popular especially in website with magazine designs and newspaper designs.

So here, we are sharing with you some useful CSS layouts that you can download for free. These layouts contain no image nor any graphic element. All they have are bare naked appearance. All you have to do thus, is to fill them.  As you will find out, most of these layouts have been designed years ago but they are still good CSS layouts to start with.  We hope that these CSS layouts can help you in your daily job as web designer and developer. You can always add ready to use elements like e.g. CSS Menu and Navigation to CSS layout templates and then things start to move faster. Another approach is to pick ready to use CSS templates for your project. Happy tweaking!

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Useful CSS Layouts for Download

Layout Gala by Alessandro Fulciniti [40 pieces]

These CSS layouts are based on the same markup, each with valid CSS and HTML, without hacks nor workaround and a good cross-browser compatibility. Each layout could represent a site with five main sections: header, content, navigation, other stuff and footer. The CSS of the examples, which is embedded in both online and download versions, has been kept to the minimum in order to focus on the most important thing, as is the layout. In fact, the CSS layouts has been divided, with an empty line, between two logical parts: the first is for typography and colors, while the second and most important is for the layout itself.

Primary by Curtiss Pope [22 CSS Layouts]

Primary is a simple CSS layouts Framework, designed for Developers and Designers in order to make using CSS as easy as possible. Primary is an experiment based on the concepts of legendary comic book artist Wally Wood’s “22 Panels That Always Work“.  Primary is Open Source.

Two-Column CSS Layout by Dynamic Drive [6 pieces]

These are two-column CSS layouts based templates. Two types of CSS layouts are available- fixed layouts and and liquid layouts.

Three-Column CSS Layout by Dynamic Drive [9 pieces]

These are three columns CSS based templates. Two types of layouts are available- fixed layouts and and liquid layouts.

CSS Frame Layouts by Dynamic Drive [12 CSS Layouts]

These is a collection of CSS Frames layouts, where select columns or rows inside the layout remain static even when the page is scrolled, mimicking a frames like behavior.

Nice and Free CSS Templates/Layouts by My Celly [12 CSS Layouts ]

This site contains free CSS layouts for your website – Just copy and paste and there you have a stunning website!

CSS Layout by Free CSS [252 CSS Layouts]

This collection is a massive roundup of 252 CSS layouts that you can download to start up your web design projects.

Little Boxes by Owen Briggs [16 CSS Layouts]

This is a problem and workaround set for a series of CSS Boxes going from a simple single box, through 3 columns with a full width top box, all with variations.

Fixed Width CSS Layouts by Code-Sucks [53 pieces]

Get these 53 Fixed width CSS Layouts for download from Code-Sucks. All markup has been validated against a strict Doctype. These CSS Layouts are made for screen resolution of 1024 x 764.

Faux Columns CSS Layouts by Code-Sucks [42 Layouts]

Get these 42 Faux Column CSS Layouts for download. All markup has been validated against a strict Doctype. These CSS Layouts are made for screen resolutions of 1024 x 764.

The CSS Layout Reservoir by Blue Robot [3 pieces]

Feel free to borrow, steal, abduct, and/or torture the documents contained in the Layout Reservoir. Though you need not give credit to BlueRobot.com, a comment in your source code would help other developers to find this resource.

Examples of premium CSS Layouts to be considered

Besides free positioning CSS templates I would like to introduce you to another approach where you by spending a few dollars can get a almost ready to use CSS layout. Doing it this way can help some of you to get the job done faster and further to lean how the pros do their CSS coding. Getting one of these templates into your toolbox will give you a valuable resource for looking up how to implement complex elements in CSS layouts but it can also be adjusted to fit your needs in a client project.

Unite – HTML Business, Magazine, Community Site

The theme includes page layouts for: full page, 2 column, 3 column, blog pages, portfolio, HTML contact form and 2 administrative login styles. This is an html template with 5 pre-made skins including a dark theme and textured background theme. The theme is easy to modify and ready to be up and running out of the box. The PSD files included have been customized to allow fast skinning.

Locus One Page Template

The theme includes 3 Skins & 2 Layouts. 2 different slider options (3D and Nivo). You also get 15 PSDs making it possible to update the graphics. The scrolling one page style if really cool – check out the live demo

Author : Sonny Day

Sonny M. Day is a passionate SEO and web design enthusiast who loves photography, mountain climbing, snorkeling and dirt bike riding.

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When creating a website, one of the things that you must take into consideration is the CSS menu and navigation. In order for you to have a nice-looking menu in CSS, there’s a need for some coding. This however can be difficult and time-consuming and to address this, you have the option to use some of the CSS menu and navigation scripts created by professional web designers so that you will not have to start from scratch. All you have to do then is to customize them to reflect the design concept that you want.

In this article, we are sharing with you 35 premium CSS menu and navigation bars that you can use to create beautiful web design projects. I believe you can find some of the best and easy to use CSS menu and navigation scripts here so check them out. If by chance you don’t find the right CSS Menu scripts, I hope you can use them as an inspiration.

If you have anything in mind, or if you anything to add, please don’t hesitate to write a comment. It is also recommended that you share this article to your friends. Who knows they are also looking for good CSS menu and navigation bars to use on their projects. We hope that this article can help you create beautiful websites. Enjoy reading!

Disclosure: Please note that some of the links below are affiliate links and I will earn a commission if you purchase through those links (at no extra cost to you). I recommend that you do your own independent research before purchasing any product or service. This article is not a guideline, a recommendation or endorsement of specific products.

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CSS Menu and Navigation for your next project!

1. CSS3 Drill Down Menu

This is a pure css3 drill down menu.There is no use of images or scripting at all.

2. Dropdown CSS Menus

“Dropdown Menus” are a set of some commonly used menus which can be a good substitute to JavaScript based menus. These menus use CSS3 techniques for modern browsers and degrade nicely for old browsers that support CSS 2 .1 properly.

3. CSS Navigation Menu

Easy to set up, stylish menu with full width dropdown. To set them up only one css file is needed.

4. Opera CSS3 Menu

This is horizontal Opera like menu. Whole menu is made with CSS3 and work in all new browsers that support it.

5. Horizontal CSS Navigation Bar

This is a horizontal, tab-like navigation bar. It is easily customizable and was designed and coded with usability in mind. CSS animations are used in a clever way. The navigation items are fixed, which means they stay at their place when you scroll down the site. When there are too many pages it becomes scrollable. After clicking an element, it will show a loading indicator in webkit browsers.

6. Multifunction Navigation Bar

Multifunction Bar is an attractive interface navigation system with valid HTML & valid CSS, 4 different colors, multiple browser ccmpatibility without JavaScript nor jQuery.

7. CSS3 HipHop

CSS3 HipHop is a nice and animated selection menu. It is easy to implement and comes in four versions: jumping and dimming, just jumping, just dimming and plain. It works perfectly as product selector or for displaying the services a company offers.

8. Vertical CSS Navigation Bar

This is a vertical, tab-like navigation bar with a flexible width. It is easily customizable and was designed and coded with usability in mind. CSS animations are used in a clever way. The navigation items are fixed, which means they stay at their place when you scroll down the site. When there are too many pages the navigation becomes scrollable. After clicking an element, it will show a loading indicator in webkit browsers.

9. Website in a Navigation Bar

This is a great looking navigation bar that features valid html and css, multiple browser compatibility, 4 different colors without JavaScript nor jQuery.

10. Docklr CSS – Pure CSS3 OSX-like Dock Menu

This is an OSX inspired dock menu, consists of only CSS . With some features which CSS3 offers and supported by current modern browsers, Docklr can simulate dock menu behavior in some degree without need of JavaScript. Also, it has a hover effect, bouncing icon, and stacked menu animation. It work best on modern browser that support CSS transition (Safari 3+, Chrome, Firefox 4.0+, Opera 10.5+, IE10 +) and CSS animation (Safari 4+, Chrome, Firefox 5.0+). Without it however, Docklr is still usable on older browser.

11. Facebook Inspired CSS Drop Down Menu

This is a Facebook inspired CSS drop down navigation, available in 9 color schemes.

12. Accordion Menu

This is an accordion menu made with only modern CSS3 . When you hover over a tab the page appears in a beautiful animation.

13. CSS3 Animated Mega Nav

This CSS only mega navigation bar is extremely flexible and can be used for any type of website. Just customize here and there and your dream navigation bar is ready!

14. Appearing Navigation Bar

Simply click the the menu button on the right and the navigation bar will fade in. Both the navigation bar and the menu button are fixed – They will lay over your site without changing the position of any element on the site. If there are too many navigation items, a horizontal scrollbar will appear.

15. Utopian CSS3 Dropdown Menus

Utopian CSS3 Dropdown Menus come with 2 layouts, horizontal and vertical, and 3 color styles, Utopian, black and white. They’re purely CSS and built on XHTML Strict 1.0 semantic code.

16. CSS3 Sliding Navigation

This file was made entirely with CSS3 and no image was used for the main code. These are the only images, the background and display pictures. This file is perfect to display your work, if you are a designer, photographer, etc. or you can use it as a pricing table, blog or even to display news. It´s up to you… be creative!

17. Sherpa | Complete Navigation System (CSS Edition)

As the name suggests, Sherpa is a total solution for all your navigation requirements. Sherpa brings together the three main navigation elements of every interface – Navbar, Sidebar and Sticky Footer. Each one consists of a selection of different menu types including: Slide Menu, Mega Menu, Accordion Menu (in sidebar) and Drop Menu. You can pick, choose and mix these to make a really unique navigation. It has 10 different colour skins, 12 beautiful background images, uses CSS3 effects and comes with 500+ icons to make it one of the best looking navigations on Codecanyon. Check out the screenshots and preview. Instead of trying to bring together lots of different navs from many different sources, choose Sherpa | Complete Navigation System and save yourself time on integrating into your system.

18. Apple Menu

This is a horizontal navigation menu inspired in Apple’s design style. If features 10 colors and two level drop-down.

19. HTML5/CSS3 Drop Down Menu

This is a super flexible and semantic HTML5 /CSS3 drop down menu, absolutely no JavaScript. It is very easy and quick to implement. It features Two different colors – Light & Dark, Two different styles – Square & Rounded, Built with semantic HTML5 & CSS3, PSD for arrow images and Detailed Documentation.

20. Sleek CSS3 Nav v2

Sleek Nav Pack v2 is a sleek and sexy CSS3 navigation system. Now it is featuring CSS3 dropdowns/animations, pure CSS3 navigation, easy plug n’ play implementation. It is also highly customizable w/ 3 sleek variations and compatible w/ all major browsers (including IE). It comes in a lean, semantic HTML5 – ready markup.

21. The Tooltip

The Tooltip is a handsome, modern gentleman that appears when it’s showtime. It works by showing captions or any text on hover.

22. Mega Dropdown Enhanced

Mega Dropdown Enhanced is a CSS3 dropdown menu which is easily customizable and features 7 included color schemes (red, blue, orange, green, grey, tan, teal).

23. 100 CSS3 Pagination Styles

This is ultimate pack of 100 CSS3 pagination styles. It features pure CSS codes, 100 styles, hover states, easy implementation, PSD source file , cross browser compatibility and highly customizability.

24. Pure CSS3 Sticky Footer

This CSS3 Sticky Footer will help you to create unique footer with CSS /XHTML only, there is absolutely NO javascript. The content can be organized into simple “drop-up” lists or in 1, 2 or 3 columns based on the 960 grid system. This item comes with 2 variants (black and glass) and a detailed documentation to help you start with your brand new footer. CSS classes allow you to create lists, paragraphs with (or without) images or make your menu items stick to the left or the right side.

25. Easy To Modify Basic Clean Pricing Tables

This clean pricing tables is an awesome thing that you can use to display prices in your web page. It comes with a special JavaScript and utilizes CSS3 and Sprites for lightning fast load times. It also includes organized, layered PSD file with 5 colors. It also utilizes shapes that can easily be resized.

26. CSS3 Mega Drop Down Menu

This menu is the best selling template in Code Canyon with over four thousand purchases under its belt. This Mega Drop Down Menu is a flexible and easy to integrate solution to build your custom menus. The drop down relies only on CSS /XHTML and comes with a fully working contact form. 3 main variants are included : horizontal, vertical aligned on the left and vertical aligned on the right. The content can be organized into 6 columns based on the 960 grid system. This item comes with 9 color variants (and 2 color schemes for the drop downs – dark and light) and a detailed documentation to help you to customize it.

27. DropUI Buttons

DropUI Buttons are stylish, pure CSS3 dropdown buttons in which you can put almost anything you want.

28. CSS Ultimate Menus

These Menus feature 3 different dropdown styles, Product view, multi-column view and single column view, it has different classes for different levels and could support endless dropdowns. This files does support multiple browsers, and includes a PSD for user customization.

29. Friendly CSS3 MegaMenu(Horiz & Vert) w/transitions

An easy-to-use CSS Mega Menu with both vertical and horizontal implementations. It has an unlimited possible sub menus with CSS 3 transitions giving you a javascript-like menu with only CSS! You can create your own color schemes in only 5 lines of code – all code is heavily commented. Also it has options for displaying lists in single columns or double width columns as well as other variations for displaying products with prices and images. Practically, it has limitless possibilities enabling you to have everything you need in a menu system. All transitions can be viewed in Google Chrome 4/5/6/7 and Safari 4/5 as well as Firefox 4 (beta) and IE 9 (beta). Menu displays are also perfectly fine in older browsers including IE 7 and 8, Firefox 2 and 3, Opera, Chrome 5,6 and 7.

30. Sleek Design – Pure CSS Nav

This item includes 9 pure CSS3 navigation bars, they have a sleek design that fits with most websites. It can have infinite sub-menus.

31. Griddler Pricing Grid 3

This is a SaaS (Software as a Service) style HTML5 /CSS3 pricing grid that degrades well for unsupported browsers. It features a  ”MOST POPULAR ” indicator corner banner, highlighting of individual column to be zoomed on page load, PSD so you can change elements for your own custom look and feature highlight bubble.

32. CSS Pagination Pack

Spice up your pages with these fresh lookin’ pagination menus. No images used, only CSS ! 7 predefined colors are provided with hover and active states! These styles have been tested to work in all major browsers. Documentation for using the file is also included.

33. DropLink

Create a cool looking drop link to show a list of links. There are 3 examples included: one with text as main link, one with an image as main link and one where all links have a small icons.

34. CSS3 Horizontal Drop Line Menu

Horizontal Drop Line Menu created with CSS3 markup. This menu doesn’t need any images. It is very easy to customize and ready to create your own version. It comes in 5 different colors.

35. GlassMenu

GlassMenu is an awesome css menu that supports all type of html elements with unlimited submenus. Ready made 3 themes and can be made sticky easily. You can add forms, div, list whatever you want.

Do you have any comments to this CSS Menu and Navigation Collection?

Author : Sonny Day

Sonny M. Day is a passionate SEO and web design enthusiast who loves photography, mountain climbing, snorkeling and dirt bike riding.

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We all need some inspiration no matter what we do. This becomes a necessity when you are a web designer, as inspiration serves as a way to improve our skills and to grow more as an artist. Let’s see how these Inspirations guide us; they help us to select more appropriate color schemes, in structuring of a design and other design elements. So I am showcasing today 20 exceptional CSS galleries to fulfil your future inspirational needs. These galleries offer the best organized, visual and navigational usability.  I hope you will find this collection valuable and inspiring.

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CSS Beauty

CSS Leak

The Import

Linksoulz

Creattica

Design Fridge

Html 5 gallery

Unmatched style

Design Shack

Divine CSS

CSS Line

Design Bombs

CSS Rock Star

CSS Crème

Cart frenzy

CSS Drive

Creamy CSS

Awwwards

Favorite Website Awards

CSS Elite

That’s all for today, hope you guys enjoyed the list, will be back with some more awesome stuff, till then take care and ave fun!

Author : Anum

Anum is Web and Graphic designer. She is also an active blogger, providing valuable information in her own witty style. You can check out her Design blog Websoulz or you can follow her on Twitter @websoulz

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I just found another site devoted to CSS3 and it is clearly brand new. Seriously I said to myself “isn’t there enough sites listing the properties and browser compatibility for CSS3 already”, but I decided to give it a few minutes of my time… glad I did! Christian Krammer, a webdesigner from Austria, not only did an excellent job explaining CSS3, but he also created an outstanding and great looking design on his site. Unless Christian is a speed coder this CSS3 guide that you will all love have taken a serious amount of time to put together! Thanks for the effort Christian. I think css3files is an awesome website which guides users about CSS3 and explains every property in detail with visual guides making it very clear and easy to understand what every value is used for. There is also examples and references making it a great place to learn CSS3. You will also find a browser compatibility chart for each property which is very useful.

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CSS 3 Guide

Let’s take a look at how the guide has been organized. The top navigation basically provides a list of categories.

If you pick the background category, as an example, you will find both the box and the text property for shadow. Each property page starts with a compatibility overview then goes into a description where the syntax is explained with numbers laid over the property and an example rendering. This is freaking awesome!

Then each property have one or more examples as shown below for box-shadow:

Website: http://www.css3files.com/

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CSS3 is a diverse language that unlocks many more possibilities in design, especially if you wish to obtain that sleek design component without the use of heavy graphics or even too much server-side coding. CSS3 is currently still in development, but you can still use it for your website provided that you know what browsers it functions in. Some browsers that allow CSS3 compatibility would be: Firefox 3.6 and up, Internet Explorer 8 and up, Opera, Google Chrome and Safari.

Now, here are some of the cool things that you can do to get the most out of CSS3.

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Drop Shadows
Drop shadows are great for emphasis of content and general aesthetic value. You would have probably used a graphics program in establishing the drop shadows, calling these images through the code to achieve that drop shadow effect. With CSS3, it becomes fairly easy to do without much image hassle. The following code does it all:

moz-box-shadow: #000 5px 5px 5px;
webkit-box-shadow: #000 5px 5px 5px;
box-shadow: #000 5px 5px 5px;

The screenshot shows the Drop Shadow in action. I have used Chrome Inspect Element to change the stylesheet on the fly to show you different settings.

Rounded Corners
For those who desire that sleek design of rounded corners, in which previous versions of CSS used separate images or even JavaScript to code the rounded corners in, with CSS3, you have the whole process narrowed down to the following pieces of code:

div {
border: 2px solid #434343;
padding: 12px;
background: #e3e3e3;
-moz-border-radius: 12px;
-webkit-border-radius: 12px;
width: 600px;
}

With this, you can manage the settings quite conveniently without much hassle. Rounded corners make great components for design with their aesthetic value.

To illustrate different settings of the border radius I have used Chome Inspect Element to e.g. alter the “border-top-left-radius:” to 30px 30px making the corner much more rounded then the 10px 10px used on the site when you load it.

Multiple Backgrounds
With the complexity of CSS in applying multiple backgrounds, CSS3 allows you to insert two or more backgrounds in an element to create that overlay effect or whatever design creativity you desire. The syntax is fairly simple, within the element of your choosing; just insert multiple image syntax as follows:

body {
background:
url(/image1.jpg) top right fixed no-repeat,
url(/image2.jpg) top left fixed no-repeat;
url(/image3.jpg) bottom right no-repeat;
url(/image3.jpg) bottom right fixed no-repeat;
}

If you wish to have many backgrounds appear together without the hassle of complex coding, this innovation can save you a lot of time. It also helps you achieve the design you wish with simplicity.

General Sibling Selector
In design hierarchy, you may want to associate elements with levels that CSS has included. For instance:

h2~p {
font-weight: bold;
}

This code will connect any paragraph that has an h2 as a sibling.

Resizing Elements
With the convenience of CSS3 available, you can resize your elements through the browser itself by providing a tiny triangle found at the bottom right corner of your element in order to allow the user to resize it. The only problem is that it only works with Safari as of the moment. If you want to know how it works:

div {
resize: both;
}

Check it out in Safari and witness how dynamic CSS3 makes your design!

Opacity Levels
Opacity is a design technique that can allow emphasis of certain elements in your website. With older versions of CSS, you could only achieve this through PNG graphics or CSS filters for Internet Explorer. However, with CSS3, a simple command will do the job just well enough for you:
opacity: 0.34;
You can use this in many ways to highlight special portions of text or hide them away when not needed. With this design tip in command, there’s a lot of potential to be achieved by opacity modification.

Breaking the Font Barrier
Previously, you were only allowed to use fonts that are pre-installed in most computers, limiting you to: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia and Verdana. CSS3 breaks away this font barrier and allows you to use any font you want with the specialized code:

@font-face {
font-family: TrebuchetMS;
src: url(‘http://example.com/trebuchetms.ttf’)
}
body {
font-family: TrebuchetMS;
}

The previous example allows you to grab the font file from an online source, allowing you to use any font you desire for your website. Just make sure that the file stays online in order for this feature to work.

Multi-Column Layout
Ever wanted your website to have that organized look where you can have everything arranged in that newspaper layout? Fussing with tables in previous versions, CSS3 unlocks the potential by introducing multiple columns to your design. The code you can use would go like this:

-moz-column-count:5;
-moz-column-rule: solid 1px black;
-moz-column-gap: 15px;

The first line indicates how many columns you want, the second identifies the rule that separates the columns and the third line identifies the wideness of the gap you wish.

Text Shadow
In previous versions of CSS, to add to that little depth you want in your text, you could only do so with complicated CSS coding with z-index and dual element offsetting. With CSS3, the code is simplified to the following:

h1 {
text-shadow: 1px 1px 5px #000;
}

The parameters provide you the nature of the shadow you want and the color you wish. This can give your content some depth and design creativity.

Gradients
Professional designers look for gradient designs to get that corporate and sleek look. Traditionally, you would use graphics programs and whip up that gradient. The only issue here is that it may take a while for servers to load images at times, and this can delay loading time. CSS3 takes this into a whole new level and introduces gradients into the system, saving you the time from creating them in other programs:

background: -moz-linear-gradient(100% 100% 90deg, #FFFFFF, #000000)
background: -webkit-gradient(linear, 0 0, 0 100%, from(#FFFFFF), to(#000000));

This allows you to achieve that professional design you wish for your site.

Scale Transform
Have you ever wanted to emphasize a certain element when hovered? CSS3 introduces the transform style, which allows you to do just that. It makes a great navigation addition to help you grab your visitors’ attention. The following code does it conveniently:

-moz-transform: scale (2);
-webkit-transform: scale (2);

Once you hover of your desired element, it will appear twice the size as the original, providing you with the needed emphasis that will key in your design creativity.

These are just some of the many CSS3 design tips in order to enhance your website’s design. Explore into the world of CSS3 with its many innovations and design components for your website. With ease in achieving the look you wish, CSS3 makes your life easier by giving you the opportunity in simpler code. This also allows advanced coders to play around with this innovation and come up with some complex and beautiful designs.

With CSS3 slowly hitting mainstream, you should know how it works in order to benefit from its power and effectiveness as a browser language for your website’s design. With this in mind, you can surely obtain an effectively designed website.

Author : Brian Flores

Brian Flores is a SEO and copywriter for InMotion Hosting, one of the top dedicated server providers in the country. He works with a team of awesome writers to post useful tutorials on WebHostingHelpGuy. You can follow him on Twitter @WHHG_InMotion or @BrianAFlores.

• New CSS3 Guide that Really Rocks!
• CSS3 Good Times
• 50+ Stunning CSS3 Articles, Cheat Sheets and Tutorials Collections

CSS is one of the most important elements of web development but it is not easy for most people to write CSS code that implement a desired design. In fact a lot of people have difficulties mastering CSS. This article provides a list of free online CSS generator services that can be very useful to create CSS faster and to learn about how CSS is structured. Jump in a give some of the generators a try!

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CleanCSS

CSS clean is very useful CSS formatter. It helps to make your CSS code in clean and understandable. It is providing a test box  for CSS code and check box for change the functionality of CSS code.

CSS Creator

Creates a fluid or fixed width floated column layout, with up to 3 columns and with header and footer. Values can be specified in either pixels, ems or percentages.

Grid Designer

Grid designer works according to the name, creating the different types of grid layout with the help of provided functionality.  It has well interface for designers to creating attractive grid layouts.

Typetester

The Typetester is an online application for comparison of the fonts for the screen. Its primary role is to make web designer’s life easier. As the new fonts are bundled into operating systems, the list of the common fonts will be updated. Typetester’s code structure is XHTML, styled with the finest CSS and driven by the JavaScript for manipulating DOM structures. Typetester will not work without JavaScript enabled.

Telerik Visual Style Builder

An online CSS customization tool that allows you to easily, point-and-click customization of skins for the RadControls for ASP.NET AJAX. This visual style builder eliminates any need to have working knowledge of the front-end HTML and CSS structure of the RadControls to create custom skins.You’ll have complete control over the elements of the RadControls’ skin and allows you to develop a custom built skin in very short time.

This tool is ideal for ASP.NET developers. Probably one of the easiest ways to create a RadControls skin. This tool also satisfies your need for ready made menus and images for calendars and such.

css-generator

This tools lets you input your XHTML code in a box displayed on the front page, the code will be sent back to them and they will return your code with a corresponding CSS frame. This service is completely free This is great for the developer that’s big on multi-tasking.

CSSportal

Online CSS Editor allows you to edit an entire CSS file at once with a dynamic preview shown below. The preview will show the exact line you’re editing, and it will update as you type. If you want to show the entire file then move focus to the start or the end of the CSS text. When you have finished editing your CSS, be sure to validate the code with CSS Validator.

iconico

This CSS Editor allows you to edit an entire CSS file at once with a dynamic preview shown below. The preview will show the exact line you’re editing, and it will update as you type. If you want to show the entire file then move focus to the start or the end of the CSS text.
Works on modern versions of Internet Explorer, Firefox (Mac and PC), Safari, Mozilla.

Drawter

Written in JavaScript and based on the jQuery library enables you with the possibility to draw your website’s code. Every tag is presented as a layer you have drawn.It can run on every single web-browser which makes it really useful and versatile.

Working knowledge of HTML and CSS is required in order to utilize Drawter, however developing code is easier then writting by hand. Drawter anticipates a version where you will not need much knowledge of CSS and HTML, this is foreseen in the near future.

CSSMate

CSS mate a very famous online CSS code editor. It allows to change multiple in fonts, color, text color, border and list.

YAML

Yet Another Multicolumn Layout is a highly versatile (X)HTML/CSS framework, produced under the Creative Commons Attribution License. Creating neat layouts is easier then you think with YAML Builder. This builder is designed for quick and effective development of CSS layouts, that are based on YAML.

CSS Type Set

Ahands-on typography tool which allows the every day designer and developer fully test and learn how to style Web content. You’ll be able to test different font-styles throughout a piece of text and also allows you to select a font-style and easily copy/paste into your stylesheet.

• 10 Useful jQuery Techniques to Improve Your Code
• More jQuery and General Javascript Tips to Improve Your Code
• jQuery and General Javascript Tips to Improve Your Code

CSS3 is here! Well, kind of. Although the new specification is not yet finished, there are some really useful and impressive improvements already available in some of the latest browsers. Why not start getting familiar with the new features that will drive the future of web front end design and development? This article introduces you to CSS3 and provides tips and resources to get you started.

The third generation of CSS standards from the W3C, CSS3 has already delivered its promise of making common layout effects easier to implement.

The road-map for CSS3 development began in 2007, with basic text and layout modules, at the time of print there is no end-date for the project, W3C maintains a progress report so that avid developers can keep up-to-date with the latest changes.

Web developers and designers are going to be excited at this evolution of CSS as they can produce rounded corners, embed non web-based fonts, and create transformations and animations without losing touch of code semantics and having to rely on JavaScript.

However, of one the major problems with CSS3 lies in its browser support. Not all browsers are compatible.  CSS3 info lists all browsers supported.

Microsoft’s Internet Explorer is resistant to change and Opera just seems to be a bit behind, but it is their users that are missing out. Firefox, Safari and Chrome are all on-board to show off the amazing things that CSS3 can do. But, the great thing about CSS3 is that the code doesn’t need to be adapted for IE and Opera; if done right, users just won’t be able to see the gradients or the drop shadows, but the site itself won’t look like there is anything out of place.

The list of things that CSS3 can do is open-ended. In March, there were two new rules added, CSS3 Please! and CSS3 Generator. CSS3 Please! simplifies the design process and allows designers to enter one value, and have the code generated automatically. CSS3 Generator offers a drop down menu which will generate and customise rules for a wide selection of CSS3 properties and functionalities. With the promise of more rules coming to simplify CSS3 further, everyone could have this ultimate package at their finger tips.

Ben MacGowan, Creative Jar’s Front End Web Developer, commented; “CSS3 will change the way developers work, we can develop designs quicker and easier. I am looking forward to utilizing these new features and creating a slicker user experience.” Ben has a few of his own CSS3 favourites, here are his top three:

Rounded Corners

Previously, to get rounded corners, a developer would need four separate images of the corners, bloated html and large amounts of CSS. With CSS3 there are two lines of html and one line of CSS, plus no images.

Font Embedding (@font-face)

Long overdue, CSS3 has finally allowed developers to be free of web-safe fonts. Of course, developers will still need to make sure that the font license allows embedding. But, when they do, it is so easy to embed; just upload the font file to your server, then embed it using little amounts of code. Simple!

Drop Shadows

Applicable to both text and box elements, there is less imagery required and sites can emphasise whatever they choose. All you need to add a drop shadow to a container, for example:

.container { box-shadow: 1px 1px 5px #000 }

Although there is more CSS3 support on its way, Ben believes that “we shouldn’t wait for the extra support, use what has already been developed and start seeing the benefits of easier implementation”.

As Andy Clark said; “Build from the skies down, not the ground up”. Internet Explorer and Opera will improve and adapt in the future, but don’t wait for that day, developers should start expressing themselves now!

Ben MacGowan suggests the following sites that he believes best utilize CSS3 (don’t forget to use the correct browser!)

http://www.cannybill.com/index.html

http://crushlovely.com/

http://simplebits.com/

• 10 Useful jQuery Techniques to Improve Your Code
• New CSS3 Guide that Really Rocks!
• 50+ Stunning CSS3 Articles, Cheat Sheets and Tutorials Collections

In this article you will get access to one of the largest collections ever of CSS Tools, Tutorials, Cheat Sheets etc. It builds on previous CSS posts in tripwire magazine with the purpose of creating a one stop fit all CSS resource. Several new resources have been added.

Please comment if you know a great CSS resource that didn’t make it on the list and I will add it ASAP.

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Index

• CSS getting started and reference resources
• CSS Page Layouts
• CSS Positioning Tricks
• CSS and [Form] Elements
• CSS Typography Tricks
• CSS Data Visualization Techniques
• CSS Working with Images
• CSS and Lists
• CSS Print Page Tricks
• CSS and Tables
• CSS Grid Frameworks
• CSS Tool tips
• CSS Navigation and Menus
• CSS Editing and Code Generation Tools
• CSS Code Cleaner Tools
• CSS and HTML Cheat Sheets

CSS getting started and reference resources

CSS Basics

Large getting started guide with everything you ever wanted to know about the basics of CSS

Creating a CSS layout from scratch

This guide will attempt to take you step by step, through the process of creating a fully functioning CSS layout. I will try my best to explain the concepts behind each step, but a lot of the time other people have already covered these things better than I can. Because of this there will sometimes be links to more information on external sites.

Webdesignfromscratch, CSS

Introduces most elements of we b development, including css.

5 Simple CSS Tricks

A few really simple but essential tricks

10 Principles of the CSS Masters

This is really essential tips from true css experts. A must read!

CSS Specificity: Things You Should Know

Apart from Floats, the CSS Specificity is one of the most difficult concepts to grasp in Cascading Stylesheets. The different weight of selectors is usually the reason why your CSS-rules don’t apply to some elements, although you think they should have. In order to minimize the time for bug hunting you need to understand, how browsers interpret your code. And to understand that, you need to have a firm understanding on how specificity works.

Solving 5 Common CSS Headaches

CSS is a relatively simple language to learn. Mastering it, on the other, can prove a little more difficult. Compensating for various browser inconsistencies alone can produce a migraine. In this article, we’ll demystify five of the most head thumping issues that you’ll encounter when building web applications.

5 Ways to Instantly Write Better CSS

Sure, anyone can write CSS. Even programs are doing it for you now. But is the CSS any good? Here are 5 tips to start improving yours… 1. Reset, 2.Alphabetize, 3. Organization, 4. Consistency, 5. Start in the right place…

How to Add Variables to Your CSS Files

Any designer who has worked with large CSS files will agree that its major weakness is its inability to use variables. In this article, we will learn how to implement variables by using PHP and Apache’s URL rewrite mod.

15+ techniques and tools for cross browser CSS coding

Making your website compatible with a wide range of browsers is probably the hardest task of a front-end developer. To make your coder life easier, here is 15+ tools and techniques for crossbrowser CSS development.

CSS Slicing Guide

Throughout the guide, you will be shown cunning CSS techniques used to keep loadtime to a minimum and to organize and fine tune your content so it is presented in the best possible way.

CSS Page Layouts

Adaptable View: How Do They Do It?

This tutorial explains how to manually change a layout, and it shows two great examples and “how they did it.”

Facebook Style Footer Admin Panel

Learn how to re-create the Facebook footer admin panel with CSS and jQuery. Also check out part 2.

Setting Equal Heights with jQuery

Here is a script to match the heights of boxes in the same container and create a tidy grid, with little overhead.

Nice and Free CSS Templates

This site contains free css templates for your website – Just copy and paste and there you have a stunning website !

Even more great layouts

If 53 fixed layouts were not enough here are some more both fixed and stretched layouts for ultimate flexibility. These 40 layouts are again completely CSS styled without any tables.

Fixed Length CSS Layouts

42 free fixed length layouts ready for use

Easy Display Switch with CSS and jQuery

A quick and simple way to enable users to switch page layouts using CSS and jQuery.

CSS 100% Height

A common problem among designers is how to get a div to stretch 100% of the window’s height. There are a few different techniques out there, and this tutorial shows one of them.

Making web pages extend to the bottom of the window [1] [2]

If you ever made a web site with the content in a center column and a different background for the body, or with a short lateral navigation bar, probably you experienced the problem of some elements not extending to the bottom of the browser window when the height of the content is lesser than the document area of the browser window.

Layout Packs

Several common fluid-width layout frameworks. Demos: Fixed, Fluid / Fixed, Fluid, Fixed / Fluid, Fixed / Half and Half

Create YouTube-like adaptable view using CSS and jQuery

Other than the “Turn off the lights” feature, YouTube has great stuff, such as the “change view” feature, which allows you to switch between normal and wide mode, thus expanding or shrinking the video area. Creating this is very simple.

CSS Equal Columns Height

A common pitfall of a CSS based columns layout is that the columns do not share a common height. Unlike a table based layout where the height of the table itself dictates the height of all of its columns, CSS columns are independent of one another in that respect. Now, this can be problematic (from a design standpoint) when you wish to style one of your CSS columns in a way that should extend all the way down to the end of the layout, such as giving a side column an explicit background color, a surrounding border etc…

Four Methods to Create Equal-Height Columns

This article discusses ways to create equal-height columns that work in all major browsers (including IE6). All of the methods show how to create a three-column layout.

CSS Positioning Tricks

CSS Centering – fun for all!

How do you center a containing block on a page using CSS? There are two main methods and the choice should be made based on whether your page layout is liquid (will move in and out depending on the size of the browser window) or fixed width.

Quick Tip: Centered Fake Floats

There were ways to center-align left-floated elements, but then inline-block became popular and everything changed. After a bit of tinkering, Zaharenia Atzitzikaki found an efficient and (mostly) cross-browser-compatible way to center elements without floats.

Absolute Positioning Inside Relative Positioning

A page element with relative positioning gives you the control to absolutely position children elements inside of it. To some, this is obvious. To others, this may be one of those CSS “Ah-ha!” Moments. I remember it being a big deal for me when I first “got it”.

A Nice Little CSS Positioning Technique

Here, we have a basic unordered list (ul), with left-floated images where the text doesn’t wrap under the images. Of course, this technique could be deployed in loads of other instances.

Learn CSS Positioning in Ten Steps

Faux Absolute Positioning

With faux absolute positioning, we can align every item to a predefined position on the grid.

Vertical align for navigation lists with multiple lines

Let’s see a quick tip for aligning vertically navigation lists that use the tipical floated box approach to display the list in a row, but that have several items displayed across multiples lines.

CSS and [Form] Elements

Uniform

Introducing Uniform, a plugin for jQuery that lets you style select, radio, and checkboxes however you desire.

Geogoer VChecks

Avery user friendly way to show checkboxes.

prettyCheckboxes

This script is for people who wants to have a consistent look for checkboxes across browser or those who simply want them to look better. By using this script you wont loose any of the regular inputs usability.

Highlight

Highlight increases usability by highlighting elements as you interact with the page. Its primary use is for forms, but it can also be used for tables, lists, or any element you specify.

26 Essential Submit Button Enhancements

This article does not cover styling of image links that is closely realted to styling of submit buttons but usually used for menu navigation.

Top 10 CSS buttons tutorial list

Buttons are a very important part of a website: They’re the most common way your visitors can trigger an action and interact with your website. Sadly, even theses days many web pages still displays ugly buttons. Here’s our “Top Ten” CSS buttons tutorial list, for giving your buttons, submits and links the beauty

Prettier Accessible Forms

Form-styling solution that is both accessible and portable

CSS Typography Tricks

Advanced Typography techniques using CSS

This is an example of what you can do by combining and tweaking type using css. I am not at this time going to be describing the code in much depth, but if you are interested in learning how I did it download my advanced css typography example page and look through the source code.

5 Advanced typography examples

All 5 are CSS based and demonstrate various techniques and looks including typewriter, fancy headlines, handwriting.

Snook’s Resizable Underlines

The aim is to apply underlines to paragraph text that stretch the whole width of the column (without using justified text), regardless of the lengths of the paragraph text itself.

Drop Cap – Capital Letters with CSS

Opacity Applied to Heading

Magazine StyleDROP CAPS

CSS Data Visualization Techniques

Accessible Bar Chart

• Table headers are there but hidden using the aural text class discussed in a previous article. Sighted users have already received information on what the chart is about.
• A bar is created using an image which is stretched to the appropriate size.
• Bar widths are calculated relative to the largest value.
• Value cells have a repeated background image which shows the vertical lines.
• Browsing the chart without CSS or images will render an ordinary table.
• Value labels can be hidden by using the aural text class.

Creating a Graph Using Percentage Background Images

Here you use pre-made background images to shade in the appropriate data.

CSS Bar Graphs

Use CSS to show nice looking bar graphs based on just div and span tags

Definition List Bar Chart

Here you find two examples of styling lists into horizontal bar charts. Each definition list item is assigned a class that adjusts its width using percentage units.

PHP and CSS- A Simple Graph

Easy way to display a simple percentage graph using PHP to work out the percentages and do the maths and CSS to display the data on our page.

Pure Css Data Chart

Data visualization is mostly achieved with flash applications or with help of some programming languages. Are those solutions the only way to present, let’s say simple data chart? How about giving it a try with nothing but good ol’ css?

DHTML / CSS based bar graph

This vertical bar graph is done completely using DHTML and CSS! Unlike an applet based solution, this loads fast and blends in with the rest of the page. You can even use a transparent background for it!

Pure CSS xhtml graph

This is simple bar-graph that shows data by month.

Accessible Data Visualization with Web Standards

This simple technique just adds bars to a list of items behind the text (check out the finished example for an idea of what we’re shooting for). It works for lists of any length. Longer lists benefit from being sorted by count since the relative values of the bars are easier to read when they are sequential. In this example, we’re going to display the count for each item in the list, but you can leave that out if the value is less important on its own and you’re just showing the relative values for comparison.

CSS Stacked Bar Graphs

There are plenty of CSS bar graph interpretations, but none of them did stacked bar graphs. So I’ve done it here. Based off Alen Grakalic’s Pure CSS Data Chart.

Vertical Bar Graphs using CSS and PHP

Using CSS and PHP you can create attractive bar graphs (yes, even the stacked kind) that are always up to date.

Pure Css Line Graph

This technique takes structured html, replace text with images and by using css sprites and absolute positioning it creates a simulation of a line graph.

Line Graph

DHTML / CSS based line graph

This line graph is done completely using DHTML and CSS! Unlike an applet based solution, this loads fast and blends in with the rest of the page. You can even use a transparent background for it!

CSS Scatter Plot

A scatter plot is a great way to graph two-dimensional data. Each data point is clickable in this solution.

Pie Graph script

This is a purely DHTML/ CSS based Pie Graph script. It loads fast and blends in with the rest of the page. You can even use a transparent background for it!

Dynamic Pie Chart with CSS

CSS Working with Images

Fluid Images

By default, an image element that is 500 pixels doesn’t exactly play nice with a container as large as 800 pixels or one as small as 100. What’s a designer to do?

How to: CSS Large Background

A tutorial with various CSS examples for how to create a large background using either a single image or double images.

Quick Tip – Resizing Images Based On Browser Window Size

In fluid layouts, formatting text to adjust smoothly to window size is easy, but images are not as fluid-friendly. This quick tip shows how to switch between two image sizes based on the size of the browser, the DIV or whatever else you choose.

Create Resizable Images With CSS

Want layouts that still work if a user increases their browser’s text size? Resize images in order to stay in proportion with the content.

CSS Trick for a Scrolling Transparent Background Effect

Scroll the page to watch a battle between good and evil take shape. The effect requires two images: one transparent and one tiled gradient image. The gradient scrolls under the transparent PNG. Because it matches the colors in the PNG, each set of images disappears, depending on the part of the gradient they’re on top of.

3 Easy and Fast CSS Techniques for Faux Image Cropping

This article summarizes three fast and easy CSS techniques for displaying only a portion of an image. All of the techniques need only a couple of lines of CSS. You are not literally cropping, which is why it’s called faux image cropping. These techniques can be helpful if you want to keep images to a certain size (for example, thumbnails in a news section). Being able to use CSS to control which portion of an image to display is great.

CSS Image Preloader

Visitors browsing at slow connections have to wait until large images load and they don’t have a clue something is missing — they see an empty block of space between two blocks of text. Image preloader will solve this issue.

CSS image replacement for submit buttons

Using this method you’ll get a clickable image when style sheets are active, and a standard button when style sheets are off.

Link Thumbnail

A picture’s worth a thousand words, right? So spice up those plain old text links with Link

Shapes with Css, Rounded Corners and more

CSS Curves

Mountaintop Corners

This example demonstrates the way that the CSS above sets the background images on either end of the box, while assigning a background color to shine through the transparent portions of the images.

Sparkline charts

Here are three techniques for incorporating data visualization into standards-based navigation patterns.

Nine Techniques for CSS Image Replacement

Put nine different techniques of image replacement to the test.

CSS Rounded Corners ‘Roundup’

This collection of techniques to create boxes with rounded corners using CSS has become quite popular. The problem now is there are so many choices it’s hard to know which one to choose.

Create Resizing Thumbnails Using Overflow Property

This tutorial teaches you how to control thumbnail sizes. Sometimes we don’t have enough space to fit large thumbnails, and yet we would rather avoid small indecipherable images. Using this trick, we can limit the default dimensions of thumbnails and show them at full size when the user mouses over them.

Fun With CSS Shapes

I bet a bunch of you don’t realize that we can create the illusion of shapes by using 100% CSS. By utilizing the border property in creative ways, we can make some really interesting polygons. In this week’s screencast, we’ll figure out a way to create speech-bubbles without resorting to background images.

Easy CSS Pullquotes

Thechniques that help you create various types of Pullqoutes.

Unobtrusive Sidenotes

Unobtrusive Sidenotes is a simple mix of Javascript and CSS that makes it ridiculously easy to incorporate sidenotes into your web pages or blogs

Grayscale Hover Effect With CSS and jQuery

This solution relies on CSS Sprites and a few lines of jQuery, but it requires a bit of preparation before implementation. It is not recommended for large-scale projects; it is probably best for portfolio pieces.

CSS and Lists

CSS tricks for custom bullets

Multi-Column Lists

How to produce a single, semantically logical ordered list that wraps into vertical columns.

Link List Block Hover

How to Create a Block Hover Effect for a List of Links

CSS Print Page Tricks

Optimizing Your Website Structure For Print Using CSS

The secret to creating printable pages is being able to identify and control the “content area(s)” of your website. Most websites are composed of a header, footer, sidebars/subnavigation, and one main content area. Control the content area and most of your work is done. The following are my tips to conquering the print media without changing the integrity of your website.

Improving Link Display for Print

How to insert the value of an anchor’s href attribute, in-line, after the text, slightly smaller and flanked by parentheses for printing web pages

Optimizing Your Website Content For Print Using CSS

Printing Web documents and CSS

This document describes some of the issues concerning the use of CSS to reformat Web documents for printing

CSS and Tables

Fun with tables

On this page I explain some of the new CSS declarations to be used with tables.

CSS Grid Frameworks

45+ CSS Grid Systems, Layout Generators and Tutorials that every Designer should know

large collection of CSS Grid Systems, online generators and tutorial on how to use these in your design. Using a CSS Grid System is really worth considering if you’re planning to create a complex magazine web design. This article will give you the overview and tools you need to get started.

CSS Frameworks Roundup (and some thoughts)

Why use a framework? Besides saving time, there are lots of reasons: standardizing the organizational structure of your sites, avoiding dumb little mistakes, and browser compatibility. Sounds pretty compelling, but there are certainly reasons not to use them as well. For example, a framework might be too much for the site you are designing and it’s basically just unnecessary bloat. Another common argument against frameworks is that CSS and XHTML go hand in hand, they need to be designed and constructed together, so using pre-written CSS just isn’t an option.

Prototyping With The Grid 960 CSS Framework

Grid 960 is a CSS Framework that enables developers to rapidly prototype designs. They are excellent tools for creating mock ups. Why? Because they do all the heavy lifting allowing you to get faster results.

Build a Newspaper Theme With WP_Query and the 960 CSS Framework

WP_Query is a powerful tool to control what comes out of your loop. Today I’m going to teach you all how to use it to make a 3 columned newspaper theme that has all your main blog posts in the main column, and off to the side a set of posts with a certain category. We’ll be using the 960 CSS framework for the basic layout and reset of our theme, it will chop a lot of work off what’s needed!

Prototype a Magazine-Style Home Page Template with the Blueprint CSS Framework

CSS Grid Positioning Module Level 3

This module describes integration of grid-based layout (similar to the grids traditionally used in books and newspapers) with CSS sizing and positioning.

CSS Tool tips

Inline HTML Tooltip

BoxOver

BoxOver uses javascript / DHTML to show tooltips on a website. Implementation of the tooltips, however, requires no knowledge of DHTML or javascript. Move your mouse over the items below to see examples.

Coda Popup Bubbles

Prototip 2

jTip

vTip

Orbital

CSS Navigation and Menus

CSS3 Drop-Down Menu

A clean, simple a nice navigation menu, designed by Nick La.

CSS Menu Generator

MyCSSMenu provides the average webmaster with tools to create custom, cross browser compatible css menu. Our generator makes it easy to create custom web navigation: Horizontal, Vertical, Drop-down menu without having to know all the complicated HTML and CSS. If you are a more experienced web developer we provide the sources code for all our CSS menus so that you can download, tweak, and integrate as much as you want. Feel free to use our CSS menu generator an unlimited amount of times.

CSS Menu Generator (webmaster-toolkit.com)

Generates both the CSS and the HTML code required to produce a text-based yet appealing set of navigation buttons. As text links are fast becoming preferred over images where search engine optimization is needed, a CSS menu can give the effectiveness of text links with a better look than standard text links. For an example of a CSS menu, look at our navigation on the left.

The ULTIMATE CSS only drop-down menu

CSS Candy Menu

Candy Menu is a stylish CSS drop down menu that’s comes in six provocative colors to get you started.

Advanced CSS Menu Trick

What we want to do here, is instead of simply altering the state of the navigation item the user is currently rolling over, we want to alter the non navigation items as well. This will help focus the users attention on the item they have selected on, and create a new look and feel for the site overall. Want to see it in action? Look at my demo page before we start.

Vertical menu designs

Howto Create CSS menus

Using Sliding Doors with WordPress Navigation

CSS Tabs Menu with Dropdowns

Advanced CSS Menu

Animated horizontal tabs

A flyout menu with breadcrumb trail

A CSS only validating flyout menu

Three up two down vertical flyout

A flyout menu with FOUR sub levels, overlap and overrun.

CSS graphic menu with rollovers

CSS Sprite Navigation Tutorial

cross-browser drop-down cascading validating menu

Variations on a drop-down theme

CSS Menu – Horizontal/Vertical

11 CSS Navigation Menus

CSS Mini Tabs (the UN-tab, tab)

14 Vertical CSS Menus

CSS Tabs

Horizontal menu, top to bottom

Hybrid CSS Dropdowns

Flexible navigation example

Navigation matrix reloaded

CSS only flyout menu with transparency

CSS only flyout/dropdown menu

19 Horizontal menu designs

Multiple Levels

CSS Code Cleaner Tools

Clean CSS

A tool to optimize and format your CSS. Note that your code should be well-formed. This isn’t a validator which points out errors in your CSS code.

Styleneat

This tool can really make your come more neat!

CSS Compressor

Use this utility to compress your CSS to increase loading speed and save on bandwidth as well. You can choose from three levels of compression, depending on how legible you want the compressed CSS to be versus degree of compression. The “Normal” mode should work well in most cases, creating a good balance between the two.

CSSTidy

CSSTidy is an opensource CSS parser and optimiser. It is available as executeable file (available for Windows, Linux and OSX) which can be controlled per command line and as PHP script (both with almost the same functionality). In opposite to most other CSS parsers, no regular expressions are used and thus CSSTidy has full CSS2 support and a higher reliability.

Tabifier

A tool to properly indent computer code. The style it produces is a mix of my personal preferences for indentation plus what I could manage to make a program produce from dirty source. The tabifier currently supports CSS, HTML, and C Style code; the latter being anything that uses curly braces to start and end blocks, and semicolons to terminate statements. JavaScript and PHP both fall into that latter category.

CSS Beautifier

Offers a variety of options, among them – Style Rule Settings, Style Property Settings, Alphabetizing Feature and De-Capitalization Feature.

Postable

“I absolutely hate having to switch all the ‘< ‘ and ‘>’ signs in my code to ‘<’ and ‘>,’ respectively. I also hate having to write “&” any time I want to include an ampersand. It makes including code snippets on my blog and whatnot extremely annoying, and today I finally got fed up.” This handy tool is a little app that will do all that for you. Created by Elliot Swan.

CSS Editing and Code Generation Tools

CSS Creator

Creates a fluid or fixed width floated column layout, with up to 3 columns and with header and footer. Values can be specified in either pixels, ems or percentages.

CSS Colors Palette Generator

Upload an image to generate a color palette based on the image’s primary colors. Useful for quickly grabbing a particular color within an image for inspiration.

CSS Color Chart

This page contains a neutral colors chart and a general-purpose color chart. You can use the colors in the palettes with either HTML or CSS. Click on the color code to select it, then you can copy and paste it. Click on the Toggle button to convert from Hex to RGB and back. The charts are printed in tabular fashion so you can narrow your browser window with the palette and compare the colors to your design side-by-side.

I Like Your Colors!

A tool to extract the colors from the HTML and CSS of any web site. Compare the colors easily using hue groups.

CSSFly

CSSFly is a web 2.0 tool for easy editing websites direct and in real-time in your browser. Simply edit the (X)HTML-code and the external Style-Sheet files : what you code is what you get! This tool is designed for developers. Use it for developing, testing or checking your web-project or take a look behind the scenerys of your favourite websites.

Time Saving CSSEdit Tips

CSSEdit is another fantastic web dev app, which takes Apple’s WebKit by the reigns to deliver a fantastic real-time visual CSS editing experience. But that’s just it! People only know it as a visual CSS editor, when it is actually much more! I use these 5 fantastic tips to keep my work flow fast and smooth.

Accessible Form Builder

List-O-Matic

List-o-matic lets you choose the content, layout and presentation of your list-based navigation menus. Just give it a go – it’s child’s play!

Markup Maker

Markup Maker takes a simple list of page ids that you enter and converts it to a valid XHTML/HTML document (scaffolding, if you like). Now includes HTML5 support

CSS Mate

CSS Mate is an online CSS editor.

Spanky Corners

‘Spanky Corners’ is an experimental technique for using only CSS to produce ’round-cornered content boxes’ with semantically pure markup. It does not require JavaScript to work

CSS Rounded Box Generator

A tool to generate HTML and CSS for rounded corner boxes.

CSS HTML PHP Website Template Maker

A PHP/HTML/CSS template generator that creates a two column layout with both a header and a footer. This PHP / CSS Style Sheet template generator outputs full featured tableless code i.e. tables are NOT used for the template with the column layout. The resulting template is a combination of several files i.e. this is a true PHP, html, CSS template that makes it easy to control multiply pages at a web site.

Page Maker – The Generator Form

CSS Source Ordered Variable Border 1-3 Columned Page Maker

Firdamatic

An online tableless layout generator that allows you to create and customize layouts easily only by completing forms, making creating skins for your Firdamatic-based layout a breeze. This tool is available for free for personal/non-commercial use only .

Free CSS Template Code Generator

Yields a three column layout without using any Tables. This HTML & CSS Style Sheet template generator outputs a full featured 3 column template. Resulting in an instant web page with a customized template that can be used to control the look of an entire site.

CSS Form Code Make

HTML/CSS form generator that creates a nice looking layout for forms. Add a ‘little color’ to the forms.

CSS and HTML Cheat Sheets

There’s a lot of cheat sheets available for CSS, html and any other web technology. I have picked a few that I believe stand out because they are able to assist you remembering important elements of key web technologies or because they are really well structured. Print out your favorite Cheat Sheet and put it on the wall just next to your monitor to get instant access to help and reference.

Gosquared CSS help sheets

Good looking and well structured CSS overview

addedbytes CSS2 Cheat Sheet

The CSS cheat sheet is a one-page reference sheet, listing all selectors (as of CSS 2.1) and properties. It includes a visual example of the box model, unit reference for CSS units and the various media types CSS makes allowance for.

Core css

All you need to know about CSS in 3 parts. These documents go through all important aspects of CSS on a minimum number of pages.

CSS Shorthand Cheat Sheet

Get help with some of the CSS elements that are so easy to forget.

CSS2 – Quick Reference Guide – PDF

Gosquared html help sheets

Good looking and well structured html overview

HTML Cheat Sheet

The HTML cheat sheet is a one-page A4 printable document, designed to provide a quick reference for HTML. PDF PNG

HTML5 Canvas Cheat Sheet

The information is pretty much just a copy of what is found in the WHATWG specs, just condensed and hopefully a bit easier to read. There are virtually no explanations, however, and no examples other than some graphics for compositing values and a few other things (the appearance of which is very much inspired by those found in Mozilla’s examples). So, it’s basically just a listing of the attributes and methods of the canvas element and the 2d drawing context.

HTML Character Entities Cheat Sheet

The HTML Character Entities cheat sheet is designed to act as a reference sheet, listing the various character codes in HTML. PDF PNG

RGB Hex Colour Chart

The RGB Hex colour chart is a very large (183kB) PNG file, and is sized to fit on a standard A4 piece of paper. It shows the 216 so-called “web safe” or “non-dithering” colours (there are actually only 22 web safe colours, but those are revolting).

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• 155+ Mega CSS Roundup of Tools, Tutorials, Cheat Sheets etc.
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Great looking websites that are easy to maintain and develop require high quality markup and styling. The most fundamental principle to remember is separation of presentation and content / markup and style. While separation is key you will need to have great markup to produce good CSS. This post aims at highlighting general purpose best practices for how to improve your CSS code and it also involves tips for how to work with markup. This article will be updated with more best practice to stay tuned!

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Treat markup and CSS as serious development artifacts

Good markup and CSS is time consuming to produce and minor changes or mistakes can do serious damage to you work. Like any other development artefacts CSS files should start with a well structured header and both markup and CSS files should be under at least some simple form of Revision control. Why on earth waste time on this? The main argument is maintainability and preventing loss of work if you work alone. If more developers are dependant on each other revision control / configuration management gets really critical. There are several options for getting access to software providing some basic revision control if you’re not already up to speed on that part. One of the most popular products available is Subversion. It is free and some people state that it is even better than some commercial products on the market.
Now lets take a look at what a header should include. First of all make sure it contains a title, a revision, a time stamp, and a description. You may want to add copyright and license terms as well here.

------ css -----
/************************************/
TRIPWIRE MAGAZINE BLOG THEME
Copyright 2009, tripwire magazine
URL: www.tripwiremagazine.com
AUTHOR: Mr. CSS himself
DATE: 27 Dec. 2009
REVISION: 2.3

DESCRIPTION: Main stylesheet for WordPress theme...

USEFUL INFORMATION:
Colour palette:
#555555 / Dark Grey
...
/************************************/

Don’t start from scratch every time – build up a library of elements you use often

Starting with a blank page every time you start on a new project would not be very effective and if you make a living out of it it would cost you a lot. Consider what would be common design elements for you and create a simple folder structure to store them in as you create them. You could use this to start with and extend as needed:

• two-column layout
• three-column layout
• blog layout
• print layout
• box-layout
• etc.

What is required to do this is to spend a bit of time stripping out non-generic elements from your work and keep the generic parts as templates for later re-use. Some people have taken this to the extreme and created whole sets of templates. You may let yourself be inspired by this but unless you plan it – don’t let this become a project in itself… Creating an index file with screenshoot like this may be useful though. If you’re a freelance designer it may also be useful to provide it for free on-line on your blog or portfolio to generate some traffic…

Nice and Free CSS Templates: This site contains free css templates for your website – Just copy and paste and there you have a stunning website !

Even more great layouts: If 53 fixed layouts were not enough here are some more both fixed and stretched layouts for ultimate flexibility. These 40 layouts are again completely CSS styled without any tables.

Fixed Length CSS Layouts: 42 free fixed length layouts ready for use

Consider and define basic guidelines and naming conventions

Having a set of basic guidelines for how to write your CSS is recommended because it will make your code more coherent and homogeneous. Basic guidelines can consist of any rule you find valuable for you and your team. I would recommend considering the following:

Using naming conventions is best practise and very common in regular programming like J2EE, .NET etc. Naming conventions is useful to govern and streamline how you name elements in you development and with CSS this is just as important as in any other programming language.

1. Hyphens Instead of Underscores: Use lowercase characters to define your class and use “-” or uppercase letters to separate multiple-words classes (ex. “main-content”, or “mainContent).

2. Use structural naming of your page segments and avoid at all cost to use presentational naming. (ex. use sidebar and not right-column). This is an important point because presentational naming binds your CSS to the markup and then the markup to the layout. This makes it really hard to move elements around with out having to rename stuff and make needed changes in your CSS. Further presentational naming prevents you from having names in your markup that actually describe what the elements are.

Taking this a bit further it is recommended to use naming that is common sense and even better commonly used in the industry. In a survey of websites of some web professionals, Andy Clarke lists the naming convention used for the structure of these sites. As you can see in the survey a few names stand out. #header and #footer are used at almost every site in the survey and #content is also very common. Why not follow trends like this and avoid making up too many proprietary names for your self? If you do make sure to use names that are intuitive and and where it is obvious what they are used for. You can see the survey here.

Use whitespace carefully but have proper indentation

Whitespace, including spaces, tabs, and extra line breaks, is important for readability of your CSS code. However, whitespace does add to page weight and you should be careful not to add whitespace that is not needed.One option you may consider is to compress your CSS for the production site. Try using CSS Drives “CSS Compressor” or YUI Compressor. Make sure you maintain a revision for maintenance that contains your comments etc.

To make your code easy to read while you work on it and if you provide it for others to maintain use proper indentation. Code that is not well structured can be almost impossible to read so it is worth the effort to maintain some kind of formatting. If you’re not good at it you should consider using a tool like CSS Beautifier. Be careful as it removes your comments but it us great for formatting segments that have ended up in a mess. Other tools that can be useful is arantius tabifier or try to check out this massive list of tools.

Structure and plan ahead

CSS is one of the most powerful tools a web developer have at his disposal but if it is not used in a clever and structured way you are certain to end up with a mess no one can use and maintain. Don’t get tempted to just drop in CSS bids and pieces as you go and try to plan the overall structure before you get started. With a few basic rules you and your CSS will be in a good shape and stay so.

1. Create the basic structure to start with (like making a disposition for a essay or book). This will be your framework and as you start adding you will know where to put it to maintain the overall structure. If you’re unsure about a specific CSS style element you should reconsider the structure and add more headings if needed.

2. Declare your most generic items first, then the not-so-generic and so on. You should start with setting up what some is calling “Master Stylesheet“. Generally this is about making required resets and overrides to make sure your CSS have a good starting point for multi browser support. Creating a strong Master Stylesheet is a complex and time consuming task that requires experience and broad knowledge. If you’re not sure where to start I’ll recommend that you kick off using the one provided here. Adjust it to your needs as you go on.

3. Depending on you type of design try to consider what the main blocks of code is expected to be (like header, main content, right sidebar, menu, footer etc.). Make sure that you apply Logical Ordering meaning that header will be in the top and footer at the very end.

You should start creating an empty structure with headers using /***** <Header Name> *****/ or /* ===== <Header Name> ===== */ (or what ever you think is looking right). It is also likely that you will find it useful to break down the structure even further and add sub sections. Lets assume you have a header section and that it consists of elements like logo, navigation etc. You could do this by using a different and less dominating header for sub sections like shown here.

------ css -----
/***** Resets and Overrides *****/
/** Global Settings **/
html, body {
border:0;
margin:0;
padding:0;
}
body {
font:100%/1.25 Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
}
/** Headings **/
...
/***** Layout *****/
/** Page **/
/** Header **/
...

Re-use, re-use and don’t repeat CSS code

You should try to do your best to re-use attributes whenever possible. This is done by grouping elements instead of declaring the styles over and over again for each element. Fx. if h3 to h5 elements all share certain styles you should group them using commas. Doing this will save you 30 or more lines of code and the overall maintainability will be greatly improved.

------ css -----
h3, h4, h5{
 color: #000000;
 font-size: 14px;
 font-weight: bold;
 margin-bottom:10px;
 margin-top:10px;
}

Other elements where you typically will use grouping is for different states of navigation and links. While color may change on hover all other styles may be the same.

Use Shorthand properties

Like grouping elements to re-use styles makes you write less code you should always use shorthand properties. Several key CSS properties that you use over and over again support use shorthand: margin, border, padding, background, font, list-style, and even outline (notice that this is not an extensive list!). Lets take a look at some exambles:

----- markup -----
<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Nulla dolor purus, lacinia a placerat non, malesuada a lectus.</p>

------ css -----
p {
margin-top: 5px;
margin-right: 10px;
margin-bottom:  15px;
margin-left: 20px;}

//should be replaced by:
p { margin: 5px 10px 15px 20px; }

Rules applied for margin:

To get an over view of the shorthand notation available you may want to check out this cheat sheet or this article giving useful examples:

Set up your typography in CSS

Should be clear to anyone that applying style (fonts, size, colour alignment etc.) directly in the markup is bad practice and not a durable solution. It may look right but it’s a pain to maintain. OK while this is obvious other elements of typography may not be. Typical Typographic effects in CSS are: Type Size, White Space, Typefaces, Case, Style, Color, Alignment
Example: Having only CAPs in headers or menus is typography and should be left to CSS.

----- markup -----
<ul>
  <li><a href="/">HOME</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- should be -->
<ul>
  <li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
</ul>
------ css -----
ul li a {
text-transform:uppercase;
}

Use proper nesting of elements

Some elements are block elements and others are in-line elements and you should always respect this and nest in-line elements like <a> inside fx. a heading <h1>. It is a common error and most browsers will handle it well but it is not right. Validating your code will catch this kind

Block style elements

<div>, <h1> … <h6>, <p>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>,<li>, <dt>, <dd>, <table>, <blockquote>, <pre>, <form>

In-line style elements

<span>, <a>, <strong>, <em>, <img />, <br>, <input>, <abbr>, <acronym>

Validate validate validate and fix…

Before putting a new design live you should validate that your CSS is OK and get rid of any mistakes you may have made. They may not have any impact on how the page renders in the browsers you use to test, but should be eliminated to make the product final and perfect. The good thing about validating is that you most likely will learn from the feedback the valitator provides. Relevant tools:

• The W3C Markup Validation Service
• XHTML-CSS Validator
• Free Site Validator (checks entire site, not just one page)

Document your work

Documentation is essential we all know that. Still mot developers consider it as a task that should be avoided at all cost. The effort put into documentation and the quality delivered is always controlled by the client requirements, the budget, the time available etc. But don’t try to avoid it completely. Making just enough documentation have several benefits but defining just enough may be hard. 1) It makes you go through the work you have done. Reviewing makes you recall the solutions you have come up with, problems you solved etc. and taking some notes on this may help you remember and bring it back for reuse at a later point in time. 2) whether its a contractual obligation or not maintenance is important and in a busy work environment most people will not be able to remember enough for providing efficient maintenance after just a few projects.

In-line documentation

First thing you should take serious is in-line comments in the CSS code. Remember that you may need to compress the CSS for production as explained earlier but self documenting code is a must. In most project in-line documentation will be just enough.

----- markup -----
<!-- In your HTML this is how you insert documentation in the code -->
<body>
<div id="header">
<!-- Header Start here! -->
...
<!-- Header End here! -->
------ css -----
/* In CSS this is how you insert documentation in the code */
/***** Setup *****/
*{
 border: 0;
 margin: 0;
 padding: 0;
}
body{...

Markup and CSS documentation

If you’re developing templates or layout for larger solutions and applications it is recommended to write regular documentation as a supplement to in-line documentation. The structure and template used may vary depending on your preferences or the organisation you’re working for but the elements that makes sense to document would be more or less the same. One of the problems with regular documentation is to keep it up to date as the world moved on in a sprint. The obvious solution is to build the documentation using automatic generation (ex. javadoc, model driven development etc.) or in this case use the CSS for the solution being documented to build the documentation. All you need to do is creating a markup that make use of all the layout styles and explain how they are used and if certain rules should be followed – ex. headings:

Created once you will have a markup document that you will be able to re-use with minor adjustments. An example you may want to check out is mezzoblues markupguide.

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